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Systematic overview of 3PC and 4PC frameworks. (✓) denotes availability, (◐) partial availability, (✗) unavailability. Abbreviations: O = Outsourcing, C-S = Client–Server. Additional abbreviations are defined in Table of Notation.

Scheme Year 2 3 4 HE OT GC ZK SS Setting Sec. Training Inference Theoretical Experimental
ABY3 130 2018 O SH/A ◐ [T4]
SecureNN 176 2018 O SH/A
ASTRA 38 2019 ◐ [T2] O SH/A/F ◐ [T4] ◐ [T3]
Cryptflow 104 2019 O SH/A
Shen et al. 160 2020 C-S/O SH ◐ [T3]
Falcon 177 2020 O SH/A ◐ [T4]
BLAZE 137 2020 O F ◐ [T3]
pMPL 162 2022 O SH ◐ [T5]
AdamInPrivate 12 2022 O SH/A ◐ [T3]
Meteor 60 2023 O SH ◐ [T5]
PrivFormer 7 2023 O SH ◐ [T3]
Trio 82 2024 O SH ◐ [T4]
Brüggemann et al. 31 2024 C-S/O A ◐ [T4] ◐ [T3]
Mosformer 42 2025 O A
ECHO 63 2026 O Cov
Trident 39 2019 ◐ [T2] O F ◐ [T3]
PrivPy 108 2019 O SH ◐ [T3]
FLASH 33 2020 O A/R ◐ [T3]
SWIFT 101 2020 O R ◐ [T1] ◐ [T3]
Fantastic Four 49 2021 O A/R ◐ [T4] ◐ [T3]
Tetrad 103 2021 ◐ [T2] O F/R ◐ [T4] ◐ [T3]
Quad 82 2024 O A ◐ [T4]

Tablenotes

[T1] Training of LinReg and LogReg only. [T2] Online phase. [T3] Implementation not public. [T4] Only primitives (no ML functionalities). [T5] No costs for offline phase.


Related Tables & Navigation

Topic Table(s)
🗂️ Notation Notation & Abbreviations
📚 Related Work Related Work Comparison
🧭 Decision Graph Decision Graph
⚙️ Design & Deployment Comprehensive MPC Design, 2PC, 3/4PC, nPC
🌳 Genealogy Genealogy
🤖 ML Support 2PC, MPC
🔐 Theoretical Costs Dot-Product, Truncation, ReLU, Softmax, Sigmoid, GELU, Normalization
🧩 MPC Puzzle MPC Puzzle
📖 Bibliography Bibliography

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