Overview of supported ML functionalities in multi-party frameworks. (✓) explicit protocol support; (◐) underlying primitives available; (✗) no support.
| Scheme | Year | Parties | Linear | Conv | Truncation | ReLU | SoftMax | Sigmoid | Normalisation | GeLU |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ABY3 130 | 2018 | 3 | ✓ | ✗ | Probabilistic | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ |
| SecureNN 176 | 2018 | 3 | ✓ | ✓ | Probabilistic | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ |
| ASTRA 38 | 2019 | 3 | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ◐ [*] | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ |
| Cryptflow 104 | 2019 | 3 | ✓ | ✓ | Probabilistic | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| Shen et al. 160 | 2020 | 3 | ✓ | ✓ | Probabilistic | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ |
| Falcon 177 | 2020 | 3 | ✓ | ✓ | Probabilistic | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ |
| BLAZE 137 | 2020 | 3 | ✓ | ✓ | Probabilistic | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ |
| pMPL 162 | 2022 | 3 | ✓ | ✗ | Probabilistic | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ |
| AdamInPrivate 12 | 2022 | 3 | ✓ | ✓ | Faithful | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ |
| Meteor 60 | 2023 | 3 | ✓ | ✓ | Probabilistic | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| PrivFormer 7 | 2023 | 3 | ✓ | ✗ | Probabilistic | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ |
| Trio 82 | 2024 | 3 | ✓ | ✗ | Probabilistic | ◐ [T1] | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| Brüggemann et al. 31 | 2024 | 3 | ✓ | ✓ | Probabilistic | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| Mosformer 42 | 2025 | 3 | ✓ | ✓ | Probabilistic | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ |
| ECHO 63 | 2026 | 3 | ✓ | ✗ | Stochastic | ◐ [T1] | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| Trident 39 | 2019 | 4 | ✓ | ✓ | Probabilistic | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ◐ [T2] | ✗ |
| PrivPy 108 | 2019 | 4 | ✓ | ✓ | Probabilistic | ◐ [T1] | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ |
| FLASH 33 | 2020 | 4 | ✓ | ✓ | Probabilistic | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ |
| SWIFT 101 | 2020 | 3/4 | ✓ | ✓ | Probabilistic | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ |
| Fantastic Four 49 | 2021 | 3/4 | ✓ | ✓ | Stochastic | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| Tetrad 103 | 2021 | 4 | ✓ | ✓ | Probabilistic | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ◐ [T2] | ✗ |
| Quad 82 | 2024 | 4 | ✓ | ✗ | Probabilistic | ◐ [T1] | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| MPClan 102 | 2023 | n | ✓ | ✓ | Probabilistic | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| Baccarini et al. 15 | 2023 | n | ✓ | ✓ | Probabilistic | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| Liu et al. 113 | 2024 | n | ✓ | ✓ | Stochastic | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| MD-ML 189 | 2024 | n | ✓ | ✓ | Probabilistic | ◐ [T1] | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| MD-SONIC 196 | 2025 | n | ✓ | ✓ | Probabilistic | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| FANNG-MPC 2 | 2025 | n | ✓ | ✓ | Probabilistic | ✓ | ◐ [T1] | ✗ | ◐ [T1] | ✗ |
| Zhou 201 | 2026 | n | ✓ | ✓ | Stochastic | ✓ | ◐ [T1] | ✗ | ◐ [T1] | ✗ |
| SMASH 125 | 2026 | n | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ◐ [T1] | ◐ [T1] | ◐ [T1] | ◐ [T1] | ◐ [T1] |
Tablenotes
[T1] Proposes underlying primitives needed for evaluation, but no dedicated protocol for the functionality.
[T2] Garbled Circuits.
| Topic | Table(s) |
|---|---|
| 🗂️ Notation | Notation & Abbreviations |
| 📚 Related Work | Related Work Comparison |
| 🧭 Decision Graph | Decision Graph |
| ⚙️ Design & Deployment | Comprehensive MPC Design, 2PC, 3/4PC, nPC |
| 🌳 Genealogy | Genealogy |
| 🤖 ML Support | 2PC, MPC |
| 🔐 Theoretical Costs | Dot-Product, Truncation, ReLU, Softmax, Sigmoid, GELU, Normalization |
| 🧩 MPC Puzzle | MPC Puzzle |
| 📖 Bibliography | Bibliography |