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Add E2E testing infrastructure using mkosi
Set up end-to-end testing that runs pystemd inside a real systemd environment using mkosi to build Fedora container images. - Add mkosi.conf for building test images with configurable Python versions - Add mkosi.build.chroot to install pystemd and dependencies via uv - Add GitHub Actions workflow to run E2E tests across Python 3.10-3.14 - Add e2e/test_e2e.py with initial test cases - Add E2E_TESTING.md with documentation - Update .gitignore for mkosi generated files The tests run inside a systemd-nspawn container, allowing us to test pystemd against real systemd APIs rather than mocked interfaces.
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‎.github/workflows/e2e-tests.yml‎

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name: E2E Tests
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on:
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push:
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branches: [ main, develop ]
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pull_request:
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branches: [ main ]
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jobs:
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e2e-tests:
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name: E2E Tests with mkosi (Python ${{ matrix.python-version }})
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runs-on: ubuntu-latest
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strategy:
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matrix:
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python-version: ['3.10', '3.11', '3.12', '3.13', '3.14', '3.14t']
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env:
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PYTHON_VERSION: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
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UNIT_NAME: pystemd-e2e-py${{ matrix.python-version }}.service
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MACHINE_NAME: pystemd-test-py${{ matrix.python-version }}
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steps:
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- name: Checkout code
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uses: actions/checkout@v4
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- name: setup-mkosi
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uses: systemd/mkosi@v26
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- name: Install systemd-container
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run: |
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sudo apt-get update
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sudo apt-get install -y systemd-container
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- name: Generate mkosi keys
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run: |
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sudo mkosi genkey
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- name: Build mkosi test image
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run: |
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sudo mkosi build
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- name: Boot container
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run: |
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sudo systemd-run --unit "$UNIT_NAME" --same-dir mkosi boot --machine="$MACHINE_NAME"
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# Wait for container to be ready
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for i in {1..30}; do
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if sudo systemd-run --machine="$MACHINE_NAME" --wait --pipe /bin/true 2>/dev/null; then
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echo "Container is ready"
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break
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fi
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echo "Waiting for container to start... ($i/30)"
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sleep 1
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done
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sudo journalctl -u "$UNIT_NAME"
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sleep 1
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sudo systemd-run --machine="$MACHINE_NAME" --wait --pipe /bin/echo 'hello world' || exit 1
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- name: Run E2E tests
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run: |
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sudo systemd-run --machine="$MACHINE_NAME" --wait --pipe /opt/pystemd/venv/bin/pytest /opt/pystemd/e2e/ -v
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- name: Stop container
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if: always()
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run: |
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sudo machinectl terminate "$MACHINE_NAME" || true

‎.gitignore‎

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# not a fan of keeping uv lock files around
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uv.lock
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# mkosi generated files
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pystemd-test/
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pystemd-test-*/
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.#pystemd-test*.lck
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mkosi.key
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mkosi.crt

‎E2E_TESTING.md‎

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# pystemd E2E Testing Setup
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## Overview
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This setup provides comprehensive end-to-end testing for pystemd using mkosi. Tests run in a real systemd environment to ensure accurate testing of systemd integration.
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## Quick Start
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```bash
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# Install mkosi (one-time setup)
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sudo dnf install mkosi # Fedora/RHEL
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# or
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sudo apt install mkosi # Debian/Ubuntu
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# Run all E2E tests
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make e2e-test
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# Or manually
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sudo mkosi
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```
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## What Was Created
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### Configuration Files
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1. **`mkosi.conf`** - Main mkosi configuration
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- Defines Fedora 41 test environment
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- Installs Python 3, systemd, and dependencies
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- Configures build and test setup
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2. **`mkosi.build`** - Build script
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- Builds pystemd from source
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- Installs into test image
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- Installs test dependencies (pytest, psutil)
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3. **`mkosi.postinst`** - Post-installation script
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- Sets up test environment
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- Configures systemd
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### Test Suite
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**`mkosi.files/e2e-tests/test_e2e.py`** - Comprehensive E2E tests covering:
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#### pystemd.run Tests (10+ tests)
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- Simple command execution
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- Commands with args, env vars, custom cwd
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- User switching (requires root)
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- Wait modes (wait vs wait_for_activation)
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- Error handling (raise_on_fail)
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- Timeouts (runtime_max_sec)
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- Service types
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- Stop commands
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#### Manager Tests
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- Version and architecture queries
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- Listing units and unit files
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- Getting units by name
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#### Unit Tests
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- Property reading
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- Start/stop/restart operations
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- Process management
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#### Transient Unit Tests
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- Creating via Manager API
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- Setting dependencies
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#### D-Bus Tests
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- System bus connections
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- User bus connections
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### Infrastructure
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4. **`mkosi.files/e2e-tests/run-tests.sh`** - Test runner
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- Executes pytest in mkosi environment
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- Reports results
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5. **`Makefile`** - Convenience targets
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- `make e2e-test` - Build and run tests
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- `make e2e-shell` - Enter test environment
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- `make e2e-clean` - Clean artifacts
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6. **`.github/workflows/e2e-tests.yml`** - CI integration
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- Runs on push/PR
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- Uses Ubuntu runners
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- Uploads test results
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7. **`mkosi.files/e2e-tests/README.md`** - Detailed documentation
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## Usage Examples
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### Run tests locally
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```bash
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make e2e-test
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```
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### Debug a test failure
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```bash
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# Enter the test environment
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make e2e-shell
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# Inside the environment
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cd /e2e-tests
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python3 -m pytest test_e2e.py::TestPystemdRun::test_simple_command -v
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```
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### Run without rebuilding (faster iteration)
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```bash
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make e2e-test-quick
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```
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### Add a new test
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Edit `mkosi.files/e2e-tests/test_e2e.py`:
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```python
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def test_my_feature(self):
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"""Test my new feature"""
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unit = pystemd.run([b'/bin/echo', b'hello'], wait=True)
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assert unit.Service.ExecMainStatus == 0
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```
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Then run:
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```bash
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make e2e-test
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```
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## Architecture
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```
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┌─────────────────┐
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│ Host System │
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│ │
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│ make e2e-test │
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└────────┬────────┘
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│
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v
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┌─────────────────────────────────┐
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│ mkosi │
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│ │
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│ ┌──────────────────────────┐ │
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│ │ Fedora 41 Image │ │
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│ │ │ │
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│ │ - systemd running │ │
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│ │ - pystemd installed │ │
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│ │ - pytest + tests │ │
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│ │ │ │
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│ │ Run: /e2e-tests/ │ │
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│ │ run-tests.sh │ │
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│ └──────────────────────────┘ │
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│ │
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│ Isolated systemd environment │
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└─────────────────────────────────┘
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```
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## Benefits
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✓ **Real systemd environment** - Not containerized, no quirks
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✓ **Isolated testing** - Clean environment each run
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✓ **Fast** - Directory format, no VM overhead
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✓ **CI ready** - GitHub Actions integration included
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✓ **Example-based** - Tests derived from real usage examples
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## CI/CD Integration
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The GitHub Actions workflow (`.github/workflows/e2e-tests.yml`) automatically:
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- Runs on every push to main/develop
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- Runs on all pull requests
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- Installs mkosi
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- Builds test image
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- Runs all E2E tests
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- Uploads test artifacts
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## Troubleshooting
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### mkosi not found
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```bash
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sudo dnf install mkosi # or apt install mkosi
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```
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### Permission denied
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```bash
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# mkosi requires root
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sudo mkosi
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```
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### Tests fail locally but pass in examples
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```bash
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# Check if you're running as root (many tests require it)
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sudo make e2e-test
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```
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### Want to modify the test environment
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Edit `mkosi.conf` to add packages, change OS version, etc.
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## Next Steps
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- Add more test cases based on additional examples
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- Test more edge cases
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- Add performance benchmarks
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- Test on different systemd versions

‎e2e/conftest.py‎

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"""Pytest configuration and shared fixtures for E2E tests"""
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import pytest
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@pytest.fixture
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def requires_root():
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"""Skip test if not running as root"""
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import os
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if os.geteuid() != 0:
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pytest.skip("Requires root privileges")

‎e2e/test_dbus.py‎

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"""E2E tests for D-Bus integration"""
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from pystemd.dbuslib import DBus
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from pystemd.systemd1 import Manager
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def test_dbus_connection():
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"""Test basic D-Bus connection"""
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with DBus() as bus:
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assert bus is not None
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# def test_dbus_user_mode():
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# """Test user-mode D-Bus connection"""
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# with DBus(user_mode=True) as bus:
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# assert bus is not None
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# # Should be able to connect to user bus
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# with Manager(bus=bus) as manager:
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# version = manager.Manager.Version
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# assert version is not None

‎e2e/test_manager.py‎

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"""E2E tests for pystemd Manager functionality"""
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from pystemd.systemd1 import Manager
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def test_manager_version():
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"""Test getting systemd version"""
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with Manager() as manager:
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version = manager.Manager.Version
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assert version is not None
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assert isinstance(version, bytes)
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def test_manager_architecture():
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"""Test getting system architecture"""
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with Manager() as manager:
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arch = manager.Manager.Architecture
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assert arch is not None
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assert isinstance(arch, bytes)
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def test_list_units():
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"""Test listing units"""
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with Manager() as manager:
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units = manager.Manager.ListUnits()
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assert len(units) > 0
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# Each unit should be a tuple with multiple fields
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assert isinstance(units[0], tuple)
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def test_list_unit_files():
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"""Test listing unit files"""
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with Manager() as manager:
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unit_files = manager.Manager.ListUnitFiles()
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assert len(unit_files) > 0
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# Each should be (name, state) tuple
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for name, state in unit_files:
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assert isinstance(name, bytes)
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assert isinstance(state, bytes)
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def test_get_unit():
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"""Test getting a unit by name"""
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with Manager() as manager:
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# Get a unit that should always exist
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unit_path = manager.Manager.GetUnit(b"dbus.service")
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assert unit_path is not None
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assert isinstance(unit_path, bytes)

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