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‎README.md‎

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# air-sea

‎air_dens.m‎

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function rhoa=air_dens(Ta,RH,Pa)
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% AIR_DENS: computes computes the density of moist air.
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% rhoa=AIR_DENS(Ta,RH,Pa) computes the density of moist air.
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% Air pressure is optional.
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%
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% INPUT: Ta - air temperature Ta [C]
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% RH - relative humidity [%]
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% Pa - air pressure (optional) [mb]
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%
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% OUTPUT: rhoa - air density [kg/m^3]
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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% 4/7/99: version 1.2 (contributed by AA)
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% 8/5/99: version 2.0
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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% load constants
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as_consts;
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if nargin == 2
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Pa = P_default;
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end
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o61 = 1/eps_air-1; % 0.61 (moisture correction for temp.)
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Q = (0.01.*RH).*qsat(Ta,Pa); % specific humidity of air [kg/kg]
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T = Ta+CtoK; % convert to K
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Tv = T.*(1 + o61*Q); % air virtual temperature
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rhoa = (100*Pa)./(gas_const_R*Tv); % air density [kg/m^3]
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‎albedo.m‎

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function alb=albedo(trans,sunalt)
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% ALBEDO: computes sea surface albedo following Payne (1972).
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% alb=ALBEDO(trans,sunalt) computes the sea surface albedo from the
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% atmospheric transmittance and sun altitude by linear interpolation
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% using Table 1 in Payne (1972), J. Atm. Sci., 29, 959-970. Assumes
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% trans and sunalt both matrices of same size. Table 1 is called
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% albedot1.mat.
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%
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% INPUT: trans - atmospheric transmittance
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% sunalt - sun altitude [deg]
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%
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% OUTPUT: alb - albedo
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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% 3/10/96: version 1.0
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% 7/24/98: version 1.1 (rev. to handle out-of-range input values by RP)
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% 8/5/99: version 2.0
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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% load table 1
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load albedot1
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% create axes
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x=[0:2:90];
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y=[0:.05:1.0]';
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alb=ones(size(trans))+NaN;
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k=sunalt>0 & finite(trans) & trans<=1.01;
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% interpolate
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alb(k)=interp2(x,y,albedot1,sunalt(k),trans(k));
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‎albedot1.mat‎

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‎as_consts.m‎

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% AS_CONSTS: returns values of many constants used in AIR_SEA TOOLBOX
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% AS_CONSTS: returns values of many constants used in the AIR_SEA
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% TOOLBOX. At end of this file are values of constants from COARE
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% to be used when running the test program t_hfbulktc.m
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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% 8/19/98: version 1.1 (contributed by RP)
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% 4/7/99: version 1.2 (revised to include COARE test values by AA)
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% 8/5/99: version 2.0
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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% ------- physical constants
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g = 9.8; % acceleration due to gravity [m/s^2]
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sigmaSB = 5.6697e-8; % Stefan-Boltzmann constant [W/m^2/K^4]
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eps_air = 0.62197; % molecular weight ratio (water/air)
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gas_const_R = 287.04; % gas constant for dry air [J/kg/K]
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CtoK = 273.16; % conversion factor for [C] to [K]
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% ------- meteorological constants
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kappa = 0.4; % von Karman's constant
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Charnock_alpha = 0.011; % Charnock constant (for determining roughness length
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% at sea given friction velocity), used in Smith
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% formulas for drag coefficient and also in Fairall
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% and Edson. use alpha=0.011 for open-ocean and
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% alpha=0.018 for fetch-limited (coastal) regions.
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R_roughness = 0.11; % limiting roughness Reynolds # for aerodynamically
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% smooth flow
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% ------ defaults suitable for boundary-layer studies
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cp = 1004.7; % heat capacity of air [J/kg/K]
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rho_air = 1.22; % air density (when required as constant) [kg/m^2]
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Ta_default = 10; % default air temperature [C]
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P_default = 1020; % default air pressure for Kinneret [mbars]
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psych_default = 'screen'; % default psychmometer type (see relhumid.m)
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Qsat_coeff = 0.98; % satur. specific humidity coefficient reduced
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% by 2% over salt water
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% the following are useful in hfbulktc.m
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% (and are the default values used in Fairall et al, 1996)
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CVB_depth = 600; % depth of convective boundary layer in atmosphere [m]
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min_gustiness = 0.5; % min. "gustiness" (i.e., unresolved fluctuations) [m/s]
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% should keep this strictly >0, otherwise bad stuff
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% might happen (divide by zero errors)
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beta_conv = 1.25;% scaling constant for gustiness
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% ------ short-wave flux calculations
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Solar_const = 1368.0; % the solar constant [W/m^2] represents a
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% mean of satellite measurements made over the
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% last sunspot cycle (1979-1995) taken from
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% Coffey et al (1995), Earth System Monitor, 6, 6-10.
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% ------ long-wave flux calculations
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emiss_lw = 0.985; % long-wave emissivity of ocean from Dickey et al
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% (1994), J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 11, 1057-1076.
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bulkf_default = 'berliand'; % default bulk formula when downward long-wave
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% measurements are not made.
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% ------ constants used for COARE; to use simply delete the %
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% g = 9.7803; % acceleration due to gravity [m/s^2]
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% sigmaSB = 5.67e-8; % Stefan-Boltzmann constant [m^2/K^4]
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% gas_const_R = 287.1; % gas constant for dry air [J/kg/K]
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% cp = 1004.67; % heat capacity of air [J/kg/K]
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% beta_conv = 1.20; % scaling constant for gustiness
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% emiss_lw = 0.97; % long-wave emissivity

‎binave.m‎

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function bindat = binave(data,r)
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% BINAVE: averages vector data in bins of length r.
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% bindat=BINAVE(data,r) computes an average vector of the vector
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% data in bins of length r. The last bin may be the average of
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% less than r elements. Useful for computing daily average time
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% series (with r=24 for hourly data).
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%
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% INPUT: data - data vector
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% r - number of elements in bin to be averaged
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%
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% OUTPUT: bindat - bin-averaged vector
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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% 3/8/97: version 1.0
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% 9/19/98: version 1.1 (vectorized by RP)
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% 8/5/99: version 2.0
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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% check input
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if nargin < 2
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error('Not enough input arguments.')
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end
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if abs(r-fix(r)) > eps
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error('Bin size R must be a positive integer.')
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end
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if fix(r) == 1
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bindat = data;
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return
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end
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if r <= 0
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error('Bin size R must be a positive integer.')
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end
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[N,M]=size(data);
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% compute bin averaged series
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l = length(data)/r;
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l = fix(l);
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bindat = mean(reshape(data(1:l*r),r,l));
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if length(data)>l*r,
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bindat=[bindat,mean(data(l*r+1:end))];
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end;
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if N~=1
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bindat=bindat';
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end
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‎blwhf.m‎

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function lwest = blwhf(Ts,Ta,rh,Fc,bulk_f)
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% BLWHF: estimates net long-wave heat flux using bulk formulas
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% lwest = BLWHF(Ts,Ta,rh,Fc,bulk_f) estimates the net longwave
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% heat flux into the ocean using one of a number of bulk formulas
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% evaluated by Fung et al (1984), Rev. Geophys. Space Physics,
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% 22,177-193.
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%
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% INPUT: Ts - sea surface temperature [C]
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% Ta - air temperature [C]
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% rh - relative humidity [%]
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% Fc - cloudiness correction factor F(C) (=1 for clear sky)
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% (see cloudcor.m for more information)
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% bulk_f - bulk formulas to be used
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% (see Fung et al, 1984) for details).
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% Options are:
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% 'brunt'
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% 'berliand' - probably the best one (default)
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% 'clark'
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% 'hastenrath'
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% 'efimova'
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% 'bunker'
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% 'anderson'
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% 'swinbank' - does not use rh
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%
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% OUTPUT: lwest - net downward longwave flux [W/m^2]
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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% 8/31/98: version 1.1 (contributed by RP)
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% 8/5/99: version 2.0
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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% load constants and defaults
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as_consts;
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if nargin<5,
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bulk_f=bulkf_default;
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end;
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% compute vapour pressure from relative humidity (using formulas
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% from Gill, 1982)
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ew=satvap(Ta);
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rw=eps_air*ew./(P_default-ew);
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r=(rh/100).*rw;
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e_a=r*P_default./(eps_air+r);
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% convert to K
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ta=Ta+CtoK;
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ts=Ts+CtoK;
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% signs for flux INTO ocean
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switch bulk_f,
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case {'brunt',1}
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lwest = -emiss_lw*sigmaSB.*ts.^4.*(0.39 - 0.05*sqrt(e_a)).*Fc;
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case {'berliand',2}
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lwest = -emiss_lw*sigmaSB.*ta.^4.*(0.39 - 0.05*sqrt(e_a)).*Fc ...
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- 4*emiss_lw*sigmaSB.*ta.^3.*(Ts - Ta);
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case {'clark',3}
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lwest = -emiss_lw*sigmaSB.*ts.^4.*(0.39 - 0.05*sqrt(e_a)).*Fc ...
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- 4*emiss_lw*sigmaSB.*ts.^3.*(Ts - Ta);
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case {'hastenrath',4}
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q_a = e_a*eps_air./P_default;
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lwest = -emiss_lw*sigmaSB.*ts.^4.*(0.39 - 0.056*sqrt(q_a)).*Fc ...
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- 4*emiss_lw*sigmaSB.*ts.^3.*(Ts - Ta);
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case {'efimova',5}
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lwest = -emiss_lw*sigmaSB.*ta.^4.*(0.254 - 0.00495*(e_a)).*Fc ;
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case {'bunker',6}
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lwest = -0.022*emiss_lw*sigmaSB.*ta.^4.*(11.7 - 0.23*(e_a)).*Fc ...
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- 4*emiss_lw*sigmaSB.*ta.^3.*(Ts - Ta);
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case {'anderson',5}
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lwest = -emiss_lw*sigmaSB.*(ts.^4 - ta.^4.*(0.74+0.0049*(e_a))).*Fc ;
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case {'swinbank',5}
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lwest = -emiss_lw*sigmaSB.*(ts.^4 - 9.36e-6*ta.^6).*Fc ;
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otherwise
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error(['Unrecognized bulk formula specified: ' bulk_f]);
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end;
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‎cdnlp.m‎

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function [cd,u10]=cdnlp(sp,z)
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% CDNLP: computes neutral drag coefficient following Large&Pond (1981).
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% [cd,u10]=CDNLP(sp,z) computes the neutral drag coefficient and wind
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% speed at 10m given the wind speed at height z following Large and
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% Pond (1981), J. Phys. Oceanog., 11, 324-336.
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%
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% INPUT: sp - wind speed [m/s]
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% z - measurement height [m]
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%
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% OUTPUT: cd - neutral drag coefficient at 10m
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% u10 - wind speed at 10m [m/s]
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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% 3/8/97: version 1.0
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% 8/26/98: version 1.1 (vectorized by RP)
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% 8/5/99: version 2.0
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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as_consts; % define physical constants
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a=log(z./10)/kappa; % log-layer correction factor
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tol=.001; % tolerance for iteration [m/s]
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u10o=zeros(size(sp));
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cd=1.15e-3*ones(size(sp));
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u10=sp./(1+a.*sqrt(cd));
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ii=abs(u10-u10o)>tol;
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while any(ii(:)),
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u10o=u10;
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cd=(4.9e-4+6.5e-5*u10o); % compute cd(u10)
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cd(u10o<10.15385)=1.15e-3;
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u10=sp./(1+a.*sqrt(cd)); % next iteration
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ii=abs(u10-u10o)>tol; % keep going until iteration converges
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end;

‎cdntc.m‎

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function [cd,u10]=cdntc(sp,z,Ta)
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% CTDTC: computes the neutral drag coefficient following Smith (1988).
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% [cd,u10]=CDNTC(sp,z,Ta) computes the neutral drag coefficient and
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% wind speed at 10m given the wind speed and air temperature at height z
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% following Smith (1988), J. Geophys. Res., 93, 311-326.
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%
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% INPUT: sp - wind speed [m/s]
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% z - measurement height [m]
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% Ta - air temperature (optional) [C]
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%
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% OUTPUT: cd - neutral drag coefficient at 10m
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% u10 - wind speed at 10m [m/s]
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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% 3/8/97: version 1.0
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% 8/26/98: version 1.1 (vectorized by RP)
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% 8/5/99: version 2.0
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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% get constants
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as_consts;
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if nargin==2,
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Ta=Ta_default;
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end;
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% iteration endpoint
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tol=.00001;
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visc=viscair(Ta);
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% remove any sp==0 to prevent division by zero
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i=find(sp==0);
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sp(i)=.1.*ones(length(i),1);
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% initial guess
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ustaro=zeros(size(sp));
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ustarn=.036.*sp;
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% iterate to find z0 and ustar
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ii=abs(ustarn-ustaro)>tol;
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while any(ii(:)),
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ustaro=ustarn;
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z0=Charnock_alpha.*ustaro.^2./g + R_roughness*visc./ustaro;
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ustarn=sp.*(kappa./log(z./z0));
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ii=abs(ustarn-ustaro)>tol;
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end
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sqrcd=kappa./log((10)./z0);
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cd=sqrcd.^2;
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u10=ustarn./sqrcd;

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