generics.md

Custom Generic Types

Plum has partial support for dispatching on user-defined generic classes — that is, classes you define yourself using typing.Generic[T]. This page explains exactly what works, what doesn't, and the recommended pattern for writing fallback overloads.

Built-in generic containers like `list[int]` and `dict[str, int]` are fully supported and inspected by Beartype directly.  This page is about *your own* generic classes such as `class Box(Generic[T])`.

What works

Subscripted instances dispatch correctly:

from typing import Any, Generic, TypeVar
from plum import dispatch

T = TypeVar("T")


class Box(Generic[T]):
    def __init__(self, value: T) -> None:
        self.value = value


@dispatch
def unwrap(b: Box[int]) -> str:
    return "int box"


@dispatch
def unwrap(b: Box[str]) -> str:
    return "str box"

>>> unwrap(Box[int](1))
'int box'

>>> unwrap(Box[str]("hello"))
'str box'

This works because Python sets instance.__orig_class__ = Box[int] after Box[int](1) finishes constructing the instance. Plum reads that attribute during dispatch and uses Beartype's type-hint subtype ordering (TypeHint(Box[int]) <= TypeHint(Box[str])) to choose the most specific overload.

(generics-bare-instance-limitation)=

The "bare instance" limitation

Python only sets __orig_class__ when you instantiate through the subscripted form Box[int](...). When you write Box(1) directly there is no parameterization information attached to the instance — neither Plum nor Beartype can recover T.

This means a bare Box(1) cannot be told apart from Box[anything](1). To keep dispatch deterministic, Plum treats parameterized custom-generic hints as non-matching for instances that lack __orig_class__. With only the two overloads above, calling unwrap(Box(1)) raises NotFoundLookupError:

>>> from plum import NotFoundLookupError
>>> try:
...     unwrap(Box(1))
... except NotFoundLookupError:
...     print("no match")
no match

The A[Any] fallback pattern

The recommended way to handle bare instances is to register an explicit Any-parameterized fallback overload. Extending the same unwrap above:

@dispatch
def unwrap(b: Box[Any]) -> str:
    return "unknown parameterization"

Now all three call shapes resolve cleanly:

>>> unwrap(Box(1))             # no __orig_class__ → falls through to Box[Any]
'unknown parameterization'

>>> unwrap(Box[int](1))        # __orig_class__ = Box[int]; most specific wins
'int box'

>>> unwrap(Box[str]("hello"))  # __orig_class__ = Box[str]; most specific wins
'str box'

Box[Any] is treated as a strict supertype of every other Box[X], so:

• Subscripted instances still pick the most specific overload — Box[int](1) prefers Box[int] over Box[Any].
• Bare instances match only Box[Any] (the other overloads are excluded because there is no parameterization to verify), so dispatch is unambiguous.

Think of `A[Any]` as the explicit way to say *"this overload is the fallback for any `A` instance whose parameter is unknown at runtime"*.  Without it, bare instances will raise `NotFoundLookupError` when only parameterized overloads are registered.

Bare class hints (Box without brackets)

You can also write a fallback against the bare (unsubscripted) class:

@dispatch
def g(b: Box) -> str:
    return "bare Box"


@dispatch
def g(b: Box[int]) -> str:
    return "int"

A bare hint like Box behaves the same way as Box[Any] for dispatch purposes — every Box instance matches it, and parameterized overloads still win for subscripted instances when their parameter agrees. Box and Box[Any] are interchangeable as fallback overloads; pick whichever reads more clearly in your codebase.

>>> g(Box(1))           # bare instance — no __orig_class__ → Box fallback
'bare Box'

>>> g(Box[int](1))      # __orig_class__ = Box[int] → specific overload wins
'int'

>>> g(Box[str]("hi"))   # __orig_class__ = Box[str] — no str overload → Box fallback
'bare Box'

Auto-inferring types with @plum.generic

If your class can always infer T from the constructor arguments — for example, Box(1) should behave exactly like Box[int](1) — you can opt into automatic inference with @plum.generic:

from typing import Generic, TypeVar
from plum import dispatch, generic

T = TypeVar("T")


@generic
class Box(Generic[T]):
    def __init__(self, value) -> None:
        self.value = value

    @classmethod
    def __infer_type_parameter__(cls, instance):
        return type(instance.value)


@dispatch
def unwrap(b: Box[int]) -> str:
    return "int box"


@dispatch
def unwrap(b: Box[str]) -> str:
    return "str box"

Bare instances now dispatch correctly without an A[Any] fallback:

>>> unwrap(Box(1))
'int box'

>>> unwrap(Box("hello"))
'str box'

>>> unwrap(Box[str](1))   # explicit subscription still wins
'str box'

The decorator wraps __init__ so that after construction it sets instance.__orig_class__ = Box[inferred_T]. When you use the subscripted form Box[str](1), Python's own machinery overwrites that attribute after __init__ returns, so explicit parameterisation always takes precedence.

Inference rule: define __infer_type_parameter__(cls, instance) as a classmethod that inspects the freshly-constructed instance and returns the type parameter. For multi-parameter generics return a tuple:

from typing import Generic, TypeVar
from plum import generic

T = TypeVar("T")
S = TypeVar("S")


@generic
class Pair(Generic[T, S]):
    def __init__(self, x, y) -> None:
        self.x, self.y = x, y

    @classmethod
    def __infer_type_parameter__(cls, instance):
        return (type(instance.x), type(instance.y))

@generic raises TypeError at decoration time if __infer_type_parameter__ is not defined on the class or any of its ancestors.

`@plum.generic` is a **lightweight** opt-in that simply sets `__orig_class__`. For richer parametric machinery — covariant subclassing, custom type-parameter validation, and multi-parameter ordering — see [Parametric Classes](parametric.md).

Why this isn't fully automatic

There are two fundamental limits at play:

1. Python only attaches __orig_class__ on subscripted construction. An instance created via Box(1) simply does not carry information about T, so no runtime introspection can recover it.
2. Beartype validates type parameters by inspecting elements, which works for containers (list, dict, etc.) but not for user-defined generic classes whose type-variable usage is opaque to the runtime.

Rather than guess or silently pick an arbitrary overload, Plum requires you to state your intent explicitly via the A[Any] (or bare A) fallback overload.

Summary

Call	Without @generic	With @generic
f(Box[int](1))	Box[int] (or Box[Any] / Box if Box[int] not present)	Box[int] (same; explicit subscription always wins)
f(Box[str]("x"))	Box[str] (or Box[Any] / Box if Box[str] not present)	Box[str] (same)
f(Box(1))	Box[Any] or bare Box only; NotFoundLookupError if absent	Box[int] (inferred from type(1))

For more advanced parametric-class machinery (covariance, custom type-parameter inference, etc.), see Parametric Classes.

(generics-performance)=

Performance

Generic dispatch carries a small overhead compared to a regular faithful type. The table below is generated each time the documentation is built.

Two scenarios are measured:

• Faithful — only a bare B overload (no type-parameter overloads). Plum uses the fast faithful-cache path.
• Generic — A[Any], A[int], and A[str] overloads. Plum uses the two-tier generic cache, keyed on __orig_class__ when present.

The faithful path is the fastest because Plum caches by type(arg) and checks membership with a single issubclass call. The generic path must additionally read __orig_class__ (or detect its absence), build the two-tier cache key, and run the TypeHint subtype check on a cache miss.

If your code only dispatches on the *class* `A` and never needs to distinguish `A[int]` from `A[str]`, declare a bare `A` (or `B` in the example above) overload and omit the parameterized ones.  You get the faithful-cache speed with no change to the calling code.